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Glossary

Accented poverty The condition of having likewise picayune income to buy the necessities-- food, shelter, clothing, health care.

Accomplished status A social position (status) obtained through an private's own talents and efforts.

Affirmative action The requirement that employers brand special efforts to recruits hire and promote qualified members of previously excluded groups including women and minorities.

Amass A collection of unrelated people who practice non know ane another just who may occupy a common space--for case, a oversupply of people crossing a city street.

Agrarian societies Societies in which large scale cultivation using plows and draft animals is the primary means of subsistence.

Alienation The separation or estrangement of individuals from themselves and from others.

Amalgamation The biological as well as cultural assimilation (merging) of racial or ethnic groups.

Anomalies In science observations or issues that cannot be explained or solved in terms of a prevailing epitome.

Anomie A breakdown or confusion in the norms, values, and culture of a group or a lodge. A condition of relative normlessness.

Anomie theory The theory suggesting that deviance and criminal offense occur when in that location is an acute gap betwixt cultural norms and goals and the socially structured opportunities for individuals to accomplish those goals.

Anticipatory socialization The procedure of taking on the attitudes values and behaviors of a status or role i expects to occupy in the time to come.

Apartheid The recent policy of racial separation in South Africa enforced by legal political and military ability.

Ascribed condition A social position (status) such every bit sex, race, and social class that a person acquires at birth.

Assimilation The merging of minority and majority groups into 1 group with a come up mon culture and identity.

Association A grouping of people bound together past common goals and rules, but not necessarily by close personal ties.

Athletics A class of sport that is closer to work than to play.

Authority Ability regarded as legitimate.

Autocracy Rule or government concentrated in a single ruler or group of leaders who are willing to use force to maintain command.

Babe boom The people who were built-in in the Usa between 1946 and 1965. This group represented a sharp increase in birth rates and in the absolute number of births compared to pre-1946 levels.

Bias The influence of a scientist's personal values and attitudes on scientific observations and conclusions.

Bicultural The chapters to sympathize and office well in more than than one cultural group.

Birth rate Number of births per twelvemonth per 1000 women xv to 44 years erstwhile.

Hierarchy A big-scale formal organization with centralized authorization, a hierarchical chain of command, explicit rules and procedures, and an emphasis on formal positions rather than on persons.

Calling The idea in certain branches of ascetic Protestantism that one can live acceptably to God by fulfilling the obligations imposed by one's secular position in the world.

Capitalism A form of economic organization in which private individuals accumulate and invest capital, ain the means of product, and control profits.

Caste system A closed system of social stratification in which prestige and social relationships are based on hereditary position at birth.

Centrally planned economy An economic system that includes public buying of or control over all productive resources and whose activity is planned by the authorities.

Charisma The exceptional mystical or even supernatural quality of personality attributed to a person by others. Literally, "the gift of grace."

Charismatic leader An individual who enlists the strong emotional support of followers through personal and seemingly supernatural qualities.

Lease The capacity of certain schools to confer special rights on their graduates.

Church A formally organized, institutionalized religious arrangement with formal and traditional religious doctrine, beliefs, and practices.

City A relatively permanent settlement of big numbers of people who do not grow or gather their own food.

Ceremonious constabulary The co-operative of law that deals largely with wrongs against the individual.

Civil religion The interweaving of religious and political symbols in public life.

Course Position in a social hierarchy based on prestige and/or property ownership.

Course conflict The struggle between competing classes, specifically between the class that owns the means of production and the form or classes that exercise not.

Grade consciousness The sense of common course position and shared interests held by members of a social course.

Class system A system of stratification based primarily on the unequal ownership and control of economic resources.

Closed system In organizational theory, the degree to which an organization is shut off from its environment.

Coercion A form of social interaction in which one is made to practice something through the use of social pressure, threats, or force.

Cognitive development The systematic improvement of intellectual ability through a series of stages.

Cerebral development theory Suggests that individuals endeavor to blueprint their lives and experiences to form a reasonably consistent moving-picture show of their behavior, actions, and values.

Cohort Persons who share something in common, ordinarily being born in the same yr or time period.

Commitment Willingness of members of a group to do what is needed to maintain the group.

Community A collection of people in a geographical area; may also include the thought that the collection has a social structure and a sense of community spirit or belonging.

Comparable worth A policy of equal pay for men and women doing like work, even if the jobs are labeled differently by sex.

Competition A goal-directed form of social interaction in which the goals or objects pursued are limited, so not all competitors can attain them. Competitive beliefs is governed by rules and limitations (restraints) .

Complementary marriages Marriages in which husband and wife have distinctly separate family unit roles.

Concentric-zone theory A theory of urban development belongings that cities grow effectually a central business concern commune in concentric zones, with each zone devoted to a different land utilize.

Concept A formal definition of what is existence studied.

Conflict A grade of social interaction involving direct struggle between individuals or groups over commonly valued resource or goals. Differs from contest because individuals are more interested in defeating an opponent than in achieving a goal.

Disharmonize approach I of the major theoretical perspectives in folklore: emphasizes the importance of unequal power and conflict in society. Weberian disharmonize theorists stress inequality and conflict based on grade, status, ability; Marxian theorists emphasize conflict and inequality based on ownership of the means of production.

Conformity Going along with the norms or behaviors of a group.

Conjugal family A form of family organisation centered around the hubby-wife relationship rather than around claret relationships.

Consolidated Metropolitan Statistical Area (CMSA) A "supercity" with more than 1 million people. There were 21 such cities in the The states in 1984.

Contact hypothesis The theory that people of dissimilar racial groups who became acquainted would be less prejudiced toward ane another.

Contagion theory Le Bon'due south theory that the anonymity people feel in a crowd makes them susceptible to the suggestions of fanatical leaders, and that emotions tin can sweep through such a oversupply like a virus.

Content assay A enquiry method used to describe and analyze in an objective and systematic way the content of literature, speeches, or other media presentations. The method helps to identify cultural themes or trends.

Content of socialization The ideas, beliefs, values, knowledge, and then forth that are presented to people who are being socialized.

Contest mobility The educational blueprint in which selection for academic and academy education is delayed and children compete throughout their schooling for high positions.

Context of socialization The setting or arena inside which socialization occurs.

Continued subjugation The utilize of force and ideology past one group to retain domination over another group.

Control group A group that is not exposed to the independent variable of interest to a researcher but whose members' backgrounds and experience are otherwise like those of the experimental group that is exposed to the independent variable.

Controlling for In research, the endeavour to hold constant factors that might be influencing observed changes in the dependent variable.

Convergence theory A theory suggesting that modernizing nations come to resemble one some other over time. In commonage behavior, a theory suggesting that certain crowds concenter particular types of people, who may bear irrationally.

Cooperation A form of social interaction involving collaborative endeavor among people to attain a mutual goal.

Cooptation A social process by which people who might otherwise threaten the stability or existence of an organization are brought into the leadership or policy-making structure of that organization.

Correlation An observed association betwixt a change in the value of one variable and a modify in the value of another variable.

Counterculture A subculture whose norms and values sharply contradict the dominant norms and values of the society in which it occurs.

Creationism A theory that sees all major types of living things, including people, equally having been made by the direct artistic action of God in half-dozen days.

Credential The educational degree or document used to determine a person's eligibility for a position.

Crime A behavior prohibited past law.

Criminal constabulary Law enacted by recognized political authorities that prohibits or requires certain behaviors.

Criteria for inferring causality Evidence that two variables are correlated and that the hypothesized cause preceded the hypothesized effect in time, as well as evidence eliminating rival hypotheses.

Crude birth rate The total number of live births per 1000 persons in a population within a detail year.

Rough death rate The number of deaths per 1000 persons occurring inside a one-yr period in a item population.

Cult An organized grouping of people who together deed out religious feelings, attitudes, and relationships; may focus on an unusual form of worship or conventionalities.

Cultural uppercase Symbolic wealth socially defined equally worthy of being sought and possessed.

Cultural change Modifications or transformations of a culture'due south customs, values, ideas, or artifacts.

Cultural determinism The view that the nature of a society is shaped primarily by the ideas and values of the people living in information technology.

Cultural partitioning of labor A state of affairs in which a person's identify in the occupational world is determined past his or her cultural markers (such as ethnicity).

Cultural imposition The forcing of members of i culture to adopt the practices of another culture.

Cultural relativism The view that the community and ideas of a society must exist viewed within the context of that society.

Cultural revolution The repudiation of many existing cultural elements and the substitution of new ones.

Cultural universals Cultural features, such equally the use of language, shared by all human societies.

Civilisation The mutual heritage shared by the people of a order, consisting of community, values, linguistic communication, ideas, and artifacts.

Culture lag The time difference between the introduction of material innovations and resulting changes in cultural practices.

Culture of poverty A distinctive culture thought to develop among poor people and characterized by failure to delay gratification, fatalism, and weak family and community ties.

Culture pattern theory In the sociology of sport, a theory that explains aggression and violence in sport as learned beliefs that mirrors the degree of assailment and violence in the society.

Cyclical theories Theories of social modify suggesting that societies follow a certain life form, from vigorous and innovative youth to more than materialistic maturity and so to decline.

Deduction Reasoning from the general to the specific.

Defining the situation The socially created perspective that people apply to a situation.

Democracy A class of political organization in which power resides with the people and is exercised by them.

Autonomous-collective organisation An organization in which authorization is placed in the grouping as a whole, rules are minimized, members have considerable command over their work, and job differentiation is minimized.

Demographic transition The demographic change experienced in Western Europe and North America since the industrial revolution in which the birth rate has declined and then that it is about equal to the death charge per unit.

Demography The scientific study of population size, limerick, and distribution likewise as patterns of change in those features.

Denomination One of a number of religious organizations in a order with no official state church. Has some formal doctrines, beliefs, and practices, but tolerates diverse religious views.

Dependency theory A theory about the identify of developing nations in the globe economic system suggesting that major industrial nations take advantage of the cheap labor and raw materials of developing nations and hence are reluctant to meet them get industrialized.

Dependent variable The variable that occurs or changes in a patterned mode due to the presence of, or changes in, another variable or variables.

Descriptive study A research study whose goal is to depict the social phenomena being studied.

Deskilling The procedure of breaking down jobs into less complex segments that require less knowledge and judgment on the part of workers.

Deterrence theory The view that certain qualities of punishment-- such equally certainty, swiftness, and severity-- will assist prevent others from committing crimes that have been so punished.

Deviance Behaviors or characteristics that violate important social norms.

Deviant career The regular pursuit of activities regarded by the private and by others as deviant.

Differential association A theory that attributes the beingness of deviant behavior to learning from friends or assembly.

Differentiation, functional The division of labor or of social roles within a society or an organisation.

Differentiation, rank The unequal placement and evaluation of diverse social positions.

Diffusion The spread of inventions and discoveries from one group or culture to another on a voluntary basis; a source of cultural change.

Discovery The uncovering of something that existed but was unknown; a source of cultural modify.

Bigotry The unequal and unfair treatment of individuals or groups on the ground of some irrelevant characteristic, such as race, ethnicity, religion, sexual activity, or social class.

Division of labor The assignment of specialized tasks to various members of a group, organization, community, or society.

Dominant condition 1 social position that overshadows the other social positions an individual occupies.

Domination The command of 1 group or private past some other.

Double standard A set of social norms that allows males greater liberty of sexual expression, peculiarly before matrimony, than females.

Dramaturgical analysis An approach to social situations adult by Erving Goffman in which they are examined as though they were theatrical productions.

Dual-career families Families in which both husband and married woman have careers.

Dual-career responsibilities The responsibilities of women who are wives besides as workers‹ often used to explain why women earn less.

Dual economic system The conceptual division of the private sector of the economic system into monopoly (cadre) and competitive (periphery) sectors.

Dyad A group equanimous of 2 people.

Dysfunction Any consequence of a social arrangement that disturbs or hinders the integration, adjustment, or stability of the organization.

Ecological paradigm A theory of country use and living patterns that examines the coaction amidst economic functions, geographical factors, demography, and the replacement of i grouping by another.

Ecological succession In urban folklore, the replacement of one group by another over time.

Ecological view An approach to the written report of culture or other social phenomena that emphasizes the importance of examining climate, food and water supplies, and existing enemies in the environments.

Ecology The scientific study of how organisms relate to one some other and to their environments.

Economic core The sector of the economy characterized by large, mostly very profitable, oligopolistic firms that are national or multinational in scope; besides called the monopoly sector.

Economical growth An increase in the corporeality of goods and services produced with the aforementioned amount of labor and resources.

Economic establishment The pattern of roles, norms, and activities organized around the production, distribution, and consumption of appurtenances and services in a society.

Economic periphery The sector of the economy characterized past small-scale, local, barely profitable firms; also called the competitive sector.

Ecosystem A system formed by the interaction of a community of organisms with its surround.

Education The process, in school or beyond, of transmitting a lodge'southward knowledge, skills, values, and behaviors.

Egalitarian union A family unit in which husband and wife share equally in family decision making.

Ego In Freudian theory, a concept referring to the witting, rational part of the personality construction, which mediates between the impulses of the id and the rules of gild.

Elderly dependency ratio The ratio between the number of the elderly (65 and over) and the number of working-age people (ages 18 to 64).

Emergent norm theory A theory of collective beliefs suggesting that people motion to course a shared definition of the situation in relatively normless situations.

Emotion work An individual's effort to alter an emotion or feeling to one that seems to exist more appropriate to a given state of affairs.

Equilibrium In functionalist theory, the view that the parts of a society fit together into a balanced whole.

Ethnic group A grouping that shares a mutual cultural tradition and sense of identity.

Ethnocentrism The tendency to see 1'due south own civilisation equally superior to all others.

Ethnography A detailed written report based on bodily observation of the way of life of a human being group or order.

Ethnomethodology The study of the methods used by individuals to communicate and brand sense of their everyday lives equally members of society. Many ethnomethodologists focus on the study of language and everyday conversation.

Evangelicalism A form of Protestantism that stresses the preaching of the gospel of Jesus Christ, the validity of personal conversion, the Bible as the basis for belief, and active preaching of the faith.

Evolutionary theories Theories of social alter that come across societies as evolving from simpler forms to more complex ones. In biology, the theory that living organisms develop new traits that may aid their adaptation or survival.

Exchange A class of social interaction involving trade of tangibles (objects) or intangibles (sentiments) between individuals.

Exchange theory An interpretive perspective that explains social interaction on the basis of the substitution of diverse tangible or intangible social rewards.

Experiment A carefully controlled situation where the independent variable is manipulated while everything else remains the aforementioned; the aim is to see whether the dependent variable volition change.

Experimental group In research, the group of individuals exposed to the independent variable that is existence introduced past the experimenter.

Explanatory study A enquiry written report with the goal of explaining how or why things happen the way they practice in the social world.

Expressive A type of function that involves the showing of emotional feelings or preferences in interpersonal relationships.

Expressive leader A group leader whose office in the group is to help maintain stability through joking, mediating conflicts, and otherwise reducing tension.

Extended family A family in which relatives from several generations live together.

Face-work A term used by Goffman to refer to the actions taken by individuals to make their behavior appear consistent with the image they want to nowadays.

Fads Striking behaviors that spread rapidly and that, fifty-fifty though embraced enthusiastically, remain popular for but a short time.

Family Two or more persons who are related by blood, marriage, adoption, or serious long-term commitment to each other, and who live together. They usually form an economic unit, and developed members care for the dependent children.

Style A socially approved but temporary fashion of appearance or behavior.

Flow An experience of total involvement in 1'due south present activity.

Folkways Social norms to which people generally arrange, although they receive little pressure to do and then.

Formal organizations Highly structured groups with specific objectives and usually conspicuously stated rules and regulations.

Formal sanction A social advantage or punishment that is administered in an organized, systematic way, such as receiving a diploma or getting a fine.

Functional arroyo A theoretical arroyo that analyzes social phenomena in terms of their functions in a social system.

Functional equivalent A feature or procedure in society that has the same function (consequence) every bit another feature or process

Functions The consequences of social phenomena for other parts of guild or for social club as a whole.

Fundamentalism A form of religious traditionalism characterized by the literal interpretation of religious texts, a conception of an agile supernatural, and clear distinctions between sin and salvation.

Game A form of play involving competitive or cooperative interaction in which the outcome is determined by physical skill, strength, strategy, or chance.

Gemeinschaft A term used by Tonnies to describe a pocket-sized, traditional, community-centered society in which people have shut, personal, face up-to-face relationships and value social relationships as ends in themselves.

Gender The traits and behaviors that are socially designated as "masculine" or "feminine" in a detail society.

Gender differences Variations in the social positions, roles, behaviors, attitudes, and personalities of men and women in a club.

Gender gap Differences in the mode men and women vote.

Gender-role expectations People's beliefs well-nigh how men and women should deport.

Gender stratification The hierarchical ranking of men and women and their roles in terms of unequal buying, ability, social control, prestige, and social rewards.

Generalized other A general idea of the expectations, attitudes, and values of a grouping or customs.

Genocide The destruction of an entire population.

Gentrification The movement of middle-class and upper-center-grade persons (usually white) into lower-income, sometimes minority urban areas.

Gesellschaft A term used by Tonnies to describe an urban industrial society in which people have impersonal, formal, contractual, and specialized relationships and tend to use social relationships equally a means to an terminate.

Global economic system An economic system in which the economic life and health of one nation depends on what happens in other nations.

Light-green revolution The improvement in agricultural output based on higher-yielding grains and increased use of fertilizers, pesticides, and irrigation.

Groups Collections of people who share some common goals and norms and whose relationships are usually based on interactions.

Groupthink The tendency of individuals to follow the ideas or deportment of a group.

Health maintenance organizations (HMOs) Organizations that people pay a fee to join in return for access to a range of health services.

Heterosexual A person whose preferred partner for erotic, emotional, and sexual interaction is someone of the contrary sex.

Hierarchy The arrangement of positions in a rank society, with those below reporting to those in a higher place.

Hispanics A general term referring to Spanish-speaking persons. It includes many singled-out ethnic groups.

Homosexual Someone who is emotionally, erotically, and physically attracted to persons of his or her own sex.

Horizontal mobility Motion from one social status to some other of about equal rank in the social hierarchy.

Horticultural societies Societies in which the tillage of plants with hoes is the primary means of subsistence.

Hospice An organization designed to provide care and comfort for terminally ill persons and their families.

Human-uppercase explanation The view that the earnings of unlike workers vary considering of differences in their education or experience.

Hunting and gathering societies Societies that obtain nutrient by hunting animals, fishing, and gathering fruits, nuts, and grains. These societies do non plant crops or take domesticated animals.

Hybrid economic system An economic organisation that blends features of both centrally planned and capitalist (marketplace) economies.

Hyperinflation Anextreme grade of inflation.

Hypothesis A tentative statement asserting a relationship between i factor and something else (based on theory, prior inquiry, or full general observation).

Id In Freudian theory, a concept referring to the unconscious instinctual impulses-- for instance, sexual or aggressive impulses.

Ideal values Values that people say are important to them, whether or not their behavior supports those values.

Identification theories Views suggesting that children learn gender roles by identifying with and copying the same-sex parent.

Ideology A system of ideas that reflects, rationalizes, and defends the interests of those who believe in it.

Impression management A term used by Goffman to draw the efforts of individuals to influence how others perceive them.

Incest Sexual intercourse with shut family members.

Incest taboo The prohibition of sexual intercourse between fathers and daughters, mothers and sons, and brothers and sisters.

Income The sum of money wages and salaries (earnings) plus income other than earnings.

Independent variable The variable whose occurrence or change results in the occurrence or modify of another variable; the hypothesized cause of something else.

Individualism A belief in private rights and responsibilities.

Induction Reasoning from the particular to the general.

Industrialization The shift within a nation's economic system from a primarily agricultural base of operations to a manufacturing base.

Industrialized societies Societies that rely on mechanized product, rather than on human being or animal labor, every bit the master means of subsistence.

Inflation An increment in the supply of money in circulation that exceeds the rate of economic growth, making coin worth less in relation to the goods and services it tin can buy.

Informal sanction A social advantage or penalization that is given informally through social interaction, such equally an approving smile or a disapproving frown.

Innovation The discovery or invention of new ideas, things, or methods; a source of cultural change.

Instinct A genetically determined behavior triggered by specific conditions or events.

Institution of science The social communities that share certain theories and methods aimed at understanding the physical and social worlds.

Institutionalization of science The establishment of careers for practicing scientists in major social institutions.

Institutionalized Social practices that have become established, patterned, and predictable and that are supported by custom, tradition, and/or law.

Institutions The patterned and enduring roles, statuses, and norms that have formed around successful strategies for meeting basic social needs.

Instrumental A type of role that involves trouble-solving or job-oriented behavior in grouping or interpersonal relationships.

Instrumental leader A group leader whose role is to keep the group'due south attention directed to the job at manus.

Involvement grouping A group of people who work to influence political decisions affecting them.

Intergenerational mobility A vertical change of social status from one generation to the next.

Interlocking directorates The practice of overlapping memberships on corporate boards of directors.

Intermittent reinforcement In learning theory, the provision of a advantage sometimes but non e'er when a desired behavior is shown.

Internalization The process of taking social norms, roles, and values into one'due south own listen.

Interpretive approach One of the major theoretical perspectives in sociology; focuses on how individuals make sense of the world and react to the symbolic meanings attached to social life.

Intragenerational mobility A vertical change of social status experienced by an individual within his or her own lifetime.

Invention An innovation in textile or nonmaterial culture, often produced by combining existing cultural elements in new ways; a source of cultural alter.

"I" portion of the self In George Herbert Mead's view, the spontaneous or impulsive portion of the self.

IQ (intelligence quotient) exam A standardized gear up of questions or problems designed to measure exact and numerical knowledge and reasoning.

"Iron law of oligarchy" In Robert Michels' view, the thought that power in an organization tends to become concentrated in the easily of a small-scale group of leaders.

Keynesian economic science The economic theory advanced by John Maynard Keynes, which holds that government intervention, through deficit spending, may be necessary to maintain high levels of employment.

Kinship Socially defined family relationships, including those based on common parentage, marriage, or adoption.

Labeling theory A theory of deviance that focuses on the process past which some people are labeled deviant by other people (and thus take on deviant identities) rather than on the nature of the behavior itself.

Labor-market sectionalization The being of two or more distinct labor markets, one of which is open up only to individuals of a particular gender or ethnicity.

Laissez-faire economics The economical theory advanced by Adam Smith, which holds that the economic system develops and functions best when left to market forces, without authorities intervention.

Language Spoken or written symbols combined into a system and governed by rules.

Latent function The unintended and/or unrecognized function or effect of some thing or process in a social system.

Police The system of formalized rules established by political regime and backed by the power of the state for the purpose of decision-making or regulating social behavior.

Learning theory In psychology, the theory that specific homo behaviors are acquired or forgotten every bit a upshot of the rewards or punishments associated with them.

Legal protection The protection of minority-group members through the official policy of a governing unit.

Legitimate In reference to ability, the sense by people in a situation that those who are exercising power have the correct to exercise and then.

Lesbian A woman who is emotionally, erotically, and physically attracted to other women.

Life chances The probabilities of an individual having access to or failing to have access to various opportunities or difficulties in social club.

Life course The biological and social sequence of nascence, growing up, maturity, aging, and expiry.

Life-course analysis An examination of the ways in which unlike stages of life influence socialization and behavior.

Life expectancy The boilerplate years of life anticipated for people built-in in a particular year.

Life-way Family, child-bearing, and educational attitudes and practices; personal values; type of residence; consumer, political, and civic behavior; religion.

Life table A statistical table that presents the expiry charge per unit and life expectancy of each of a series of age-sex categories for a particular population.

Line chore A task that is function of the primal operations of an arrangement rather than one that provides support services for the operating structure.

Lobbying The procedure of trying to influence political decisions and then they volition be favorable to one's interests and goals.

Location In Kanter's view, a person's position in an organization with respect to having control over conclusion making.

Looking-glass self The sense of self an private derives from the fashion others view and treat him or her.

Macro level An analysis of societies that focuses on large-scale institutions, structures, and processes.

Magic According to Malinowski, "a applied art consisting of acts which are but means to a definite end expected to follow."

Manifest office The intended function or effect of some thing or process in a social organisation.

Marriage A social institution that recognizes and approves the sexual marriage of 2 or more individuals and includes a fix of mutual rights and obligations.

Wedlock rate Number of marriages in a yr per 1000 single women xv to 44 years old.

Marriage squeeze A situation in which the eligible individuals of one sex outnumber the supply of potential wedlock partners of the other sex.

Marxian approach A theory that uses the ideas of Karl Marx and stresses the importance of class struggle centered around the social relations of economic production.

Mass hysteria Widely felt fear and anxiety.

Mass media Widely disseminated forms of advice, such as books, magazines, radio, idiot box, and movies.

Matthew upshot The social process whereby one advantage an private has is likely to lead to additional advantages.

Mean, arithmetic The sum of a set of mathematical values divided by the number of values; a measure of primal tendency in a serial of information.

Median The number that cuts a distribution of figures in one-half; a positional measure of central tendency in a series of data.

Medicaid A federal-country matching program that provides medical assistance to certain low income persons.

Medicare A federal wellness insurance program. Individuals are eligible if they receive Social Security benefits, federal inability benefits, or sometimes if they have end-stage kidney disease.

"Me" portion of the self In George Herbert Mead's view, the portion of the self that brings the influence of others into the individual's consciousness.

Method of comparing An arroyo that compares one subgroup or society with another one for the purpose of understanding social differences.

Methodology The rules, principles, and practices that guide the collection of prove and the conclusions drawn from it.

Metropolitan Statistical Surface area (MSA) A geographical area containing either one city with l,000 or more residents or an urban area of at least 50,000 inhabitants and a full population of at least 100,000 (except in New England where the required total is 75,000).

Micro level An analysis of societies that focuses on minor-scale process, such every bit how individuals collaborate and how they attach meanings to the social actions of others.

Migration The relatively permanent motility of people from one expanse to some other.

Millenarian movements Social movements based on the expectation that gild will be of a sudden transformed through supernatural intervention.

Minority group Any recognizable racial, religious, indigenous, or social group that suffers from some disadvantage resulting from the action of a dominant group with higher social status and greater privileges.

Mode The value that occurs most oft in a series of mathematical values.

Modeling Copying the behavior of admired people.

Modernization The economical and social transformation that occurs when a traditional agronomical guild becomes highly industrialized.

Monopoly The sectional command of a detail industry, market, service, or commodity by a unmarried organization.

Mores Strongly held social norms, a violation of which causes a sense of moral outrage.

Mortality rate The number of deaths per thousand in a population.

Multinational corporation A corporation that locates its operations in a number of nations.

Multiple-nuclei theory A theory of urban development holding that cities develop around a number of different centers, each with its own special activities.

Nation A relatively autonomous political grouping that usually shares a mutual language and a detail geography.

Nation-state A social organization in which political authority overlaps a cultural and geographical community.

Negative sanctions Actions intended to deter or punish unwanted social behaviors.

Negotiation A form of social interaction in which two or more parties in conflict or competition arrive at a mutually satisfactory agreement.

Network See Social network.

Nomadic Societies that move their residences from identify to identify.

Nonverbal communication Visual and other meaningful symbols that do not use language.

Norm A shared rule nigh adequate or unacceptable social behavior.

Normal science A term used past Kuhn to describe enquiry based on one or more by scientific achievements that are accepted every bit a useful foundation for further written report.

Nuclear family A family unit form consisting of a married couple and their children.

Objectivity Procedures researchers follow to minimize distortions in observation or estimation due to personal or social values.

Occupation A position in the earth of piece of work that involves specialized knowledge and activities.

Occupational segregation The concentration of workers by gender or ethnicity into certain jobs but not others.

Oligarchy The rule of the many by the few.

Oligopoly The control of a particular industry, market, service, or commodity by a few large organizations.

Open up organization In organizational theory, the degree to which an organization is open up to and dependent on its surroundings.

Operationalization In research, the actual procedures or operations conducted to measure a variable.

Opportunity In an organisation, the potential that a particular position contains for the expansion of work responsibilities and rewards.

Organization A social grouping deliberately formed to pursue certain values and goals.

Organizational ritualism A form of behavior in organizations, particularly in bureaucracies, in which people follow the rules and regulations so closely that they forget the purpose of those rules and regulations.

Organizational waste The inefficient use of ideas, expertise, money, or material in an organization.

Panic A frightened response by an aggregate of people to an immediate threat.

Paradigm In the sociology of science, a coherent tradition of scientific constabulary, theory, and assumptions that forms a singled-out approach to problems.

Parallel spousal relationship When husband and wife both work and share household tasks.

Participant observation A inquiry method in which the researcher does ascertainment while taking part in the activities of the social group existence studied.

Pastoral societies Societies in which the raising and herding of animals such as sheep, goats, and cows is the primary means of subsistence.

Patriarchal family A form of family unit system in which the father is the formal head of the family.

Peer group Friends and associates of about the aforementioned age and social status.

Play Spontaneous activity undertaken freely for its ain sake yet governed past rules and often characterized past an element of brand-believe.

Pluralism In ethnic relations, the condition that exists when both bulk and minority groups value their distinct cultural identities, and at the same fourth dimension seek economic and political unity. In political folklore, the view that society is equanimous of competing interest groups, with ability diffused among them.

Policy research Inquiry designed to assess alternative possibilities for public or social action, in terms of their costs and/or consequences.

Political economy model A theory of land apply that emphasizes the role of political and economic interests.

Political lodge The institutionalized organization of acquiring and exercising ability.

Political party An organized group of people that seeks to control or influence political decisions through legal means.

Population In demography, all the people living in a given geographic area. In research, the full number of cases with a item characteristic.

Population exclusion The efforts of a society to preclude ethnically dissimilar groups from joining it.

Population transfer The efforts of a ascendant ethnic group to move or remove members of a minority indigenous group from a particular area.

Positive sanctions Rewards for socially desired beliefs.

Positivist An arroyo to explaining human activeness that does non have into account the individual'southward interpretation of the situation.

Postindustrial guild A term used by Daniel Bong to refer to societies organized around knowledge and planning rather than effectually industrial production.

Power The chapters of an individual group to control or influence the beliefs of others, fifty-fifty in the confront of opposition.

Power elite According to Mills, a closely connected group of the corporate rich, political leaders, and military commanders who decide most primal social and political bug.

Prejudice A "prejudged" unfavorable attitude toward the members of a detail group, who are assumed to possess negative traits.

Prestige A social recognition, respect, and deference accorded individuals or groups based on their social status.

Primary deviance Deviant behavior that is invisible to others, short- lived, or unimportant, and therefore does not contribute to the public labeling of an private equally being deviant.

Primary economic sector The sector of an economy in which natural resources are gathered or extracted.

Master group A social group characterized past frequent contiguous interaction, the delivery and emotional ties members experience for one another, and relative permanence.

Principle of cumulative reward A process whereby the positive features of some institutions aid to generate farther benefits for them.

Privatization The trend of families in industrial societies to turn abroad from the community and workplace toward a master focus on privacy, domesticity, and intimacy.

Processes of socialization Those interactions that convey to persons being socialized how they are to speak, behave, think, and feel.

Profession AIR occupation that rests on a theoretical torso of knowledge and thus requires specialized grooming unremarkably recognized by the granting of a degree or credential.

Project A psychological process of attributing ones own unacceptable feelings or desires to other people to avoid guilt and self-blame.

Property The rights and obligations a grouping or private has in relation to an object, resource, or activeness.

Proffer A argument almost how variables are related to each other.

Prostitution The selling of sexual favors.

Race A nomenclature of humans into groups based on distinguishable physical characteristics that may form the ground for significant social identities.

Racism The institutionalized domination of one racial group by another.

Random sample A sample of units drawn from a larger population in such a fashion that every unit has a known and equal take chances of beingness selected.

Range The full spread of values in a gear up of figures .

Rank Identify in a social hierarchy.

Rank differentiation See Differentiation, rank.

Rape A completed sexual assault by a male, usually upon a female, although sometimes upon another male.

Rate of natural increase The difference between nascence and decease rates, excluding immigration.

Rationalization The process of subjecting social relationships to calculation and administration.

Real values The values people consider truly of import, as evident in their behavior and how they spend their time and money.

Rebellion In anomie theory, a form of deviance that occurs when individuals turn down culturally valued means and goals and substitute new ways and goals. In political folklore, the expression of opposition to an established authority.

Reference grouping A social group whose standards and opinions are used by an individual to help define or evaluate beliefs, values, and behaviors.

Reform motion A type of social motion that accepts the condition quo but seeks certain specific social reforms.

Regressive motion A type of social move whose aim is to move the social globe back to where members believe information technology was at an earlier time.

Relative poverty The status of having much less income than the average person in order, fifty-fifty if ane can afford the necessities of life.

Faith A set of shared beliefs and rituals mutual to a special community and focusing on the sacred and supernatural.

Religious movement An organized religious grouping with the main goal of irresolute existing religious institutions.

Research and development (R&D) Investments in basic inquiry and in the practical application of basic research discoveries.

Research design The specific plan for conducting a inquiry study, including sampling, measurement, and data analysis.

Resocialization The procedure of socializing people away from a grouping or activity in which they are involved.

Resource mobilization theory The theory that social movements are afflicted by their ability to marshal various cardinal resources.

Retreatism In anomie theory, a course of deviance that occurs when individuals abandon culturally valued means and goals.

Revolution A large-scale change in the political leadership of a society and the restructuring of major features of that club.

Revolutionary movement A blazon of social movement whose aim is to reorganize existing society completely.

Anarchism A subversive and sometimes vehement commonage outburst.

Ascension expectations A situation in which people experience that past hardships should not have to exist suffered in the future.

Ritual In the sociology of religion, the rules of conduct concerning behavior in the presence of the sacred. Intended to produce feelings of reverence, awe, and group identity.

Ritualism In anomie theory, a form of deviance in which individuals lose sight of socially valued goals but conform closely to socially prescribed ways.

Rival hypothesis An caption that competes with the original hypothesis in a study.

Function To functionalists, the culturally prescribed and socially patterned behaviors associated with particular social positions. For interactionists, the try to mesh the demands of a social position with one's own identity.

Role accumulation Adding more than statuses and roles to the ones an private already has.

Office conflict A situation in which two or more than social roles make incompatible demands on a person.

Role leave The procedure of leaving a function that is central to i's identity and edifice an identity in a new role while also taking into account one'south prior office.

Role expectations Commonly shared norms about how a person is supposed to behave in a detail role.

Role performance The behaviors of a person performing a certain social office.

Office prepare The cluster of roles that accompanies a item status.

Rowdyism Generalized interpersonal violence or property destruction occurring at spectator events.

Ruling class A small class that controls the means of economic product and dominates political decisions.

Rumor A report that is passed informally from i person to another without firm show.

Sample survey A systematic method of collecting information from respondents, using personal interviews or written questionnaires.

Sanction A social reward or punishment for approved or disapproved behavior; tin be positive or negative, formal or breezy.

Scapegoating Blaming a convenient but innocent person or group for ane's trouble or guilt.

Schooling Formal education.

Science An approach used to obtain reliable knowledge nearly the physical and social worlds, based on systematic empirical observations; the knowledge then obtained.

Scientific productivity Making new discoveries, confirming or disconfirming theoretical hypotheses through experimentation and other types of research, and publishing the results of that research.

Scientific revolution The dramatic overthrow of one intellectual paradigm past some other.

Secondary deviance Beliefs discovered by others and publicly labeled by them as deviant.

Secondary economic sector The sector of an economic system in which raw materials are turned into manufactured goods.

Secondary group A social group spring together for the accomplishment of common tasks, with few emotional ties among members.

Sect An exclusive, highly cohesive grouping of ascetic religious believers. Sects unremarkably terminal longer and are more than institutionalized than cults.

Sector theory A theory of urban development explaining that cities develop in wedge-shaped patterns following transportation systems.

Secularization The erosion of conventionalities in the supernatural. Includes a growing respect for rationality, cultural and religious pluralism, tolerance of moral ambivalence, faith in instruction, and belief in ceremonious rights, the rule of police, and due procedure.

Cocky-fulfilling prophecy A conventionalities or prediction about a person or state of affairs that influences that person or situation in such a fashion that the conventionalities or prediction comes true.

Sex The biological stardom of being male or female.

Sibling A brother or sister.

Social categories Groups of people who may not interact but who share certain social characteristics or statuses.

Social alter A modification or transformation in the way society is organized.

Social class A group's position in a social hierarchy based on prestige and/or belongings buying.

Social construction of reality The process of socially creating definitions of situations so that they announced to be natural.

Social control The relatively patterned and systematic ways in which society guides and restrains individual behaviors so that people human activity in predictable and desirable ways.

Social forces The social structures and civilization individuals face in a society.

Social inequality The existence of diff opportunities or rewards for people in dissimilar social positions.

Social interaction The ways people behave in relation to one another by ways of linguistic communication, gestures, and symbols.

Socialist societies Societies in which productive resources are owned and controlled by the state rather than by individuals.

Socialization The process of preparing newcomers to get members of an existing social grouping by helping them to larn the attitudes and behaviors that are considered appropriate.

Social learning theory A form of learning theory suggesting that people learn through observation and fake, fifty-fifty though they are not rewarded or punished for certain behaviors.

Social mobility The movement from one status to another inside a stratified society.

Social movement A grouping of people who work together to guide or suppress particular changes in the manner society is organized.

Social network A set of interdependent relations or links between individuals.

Social psychology The scientific study of how private behavior is socially influenced.

Social relations of production The arrangement of economic life on the basis of owning or not owning the ways of product, purchasing or selling labor ability, and controlling or not controlling other people'south labor power.

Social sciences Disciplines related to sociology that study human activity and communication, including psychology, anthropology, economics, political science.

Social stratification The fairly permanent ranking of positions in a social club in terms of unequal power, prestige, or privilege.

Social structure Recurrent and patterned relationships amid individuals, organizations, nations, or other social units.

Society A group of people with a shared and somewhat singled-out culture who alive in a defined territory, feel some unity as a group, and see themselves as singled-out from other peoples.

Sociobiology The scientific report of the biological basis for homo beliefs.

Socioeconomic status (SES) An index of social status that considers a person's occupation, education, and income as measures of social condition.

Sociology The study and analysis of patterned social relationships in modernistic societies.

Sovereignty The authority claimed past a country to maintain a legal system, use coercive power to secure obedience, and maintain its independence from other states.

Sponsored mobility A pattern in which certain children are selected at an early age for bookish and university education and are thus helped to achieve college social status.

Sport A course of game in which the result is affected by physical skill.

Staff task In an organization, an advisory or authoritative job that supports the manufacturing, product, selling, or other primary activities of the organization.

Stage theory A theory suggesting that nations become through various systematic stages of development.

Land The institutionalized, legal organization of power within territorial limits.

State sector The sector of the economy controlled past local, state, or federal governments that supplies appurtenances and services nether direct contract to that state.

State terrorism The use of torture, death squads, and disappearances by political states to intimidate citizens.

Status A socially defined position in social club that carries with information technology sure prescribed rights, obligations, and expected behaviors.

Status-attainment model A view of social mobility suggesting the importance of male parent's education, begetter's occupation, son's educational activity, and son'southward commencement job for a man'due south adult status. (Early research was based only on men.)

Status group People who share a social identity based on similar values and life-styles.

Status inconsistency May occur when an individual occupies two or more than unequal statuses in a society.

Stigmatization The procedure of spoiling a person's identity by labeling him or her in a negative way.

Structural change Demographic, economic, and rank-society changes in a gild.

Structural-functional perspective One of the major theoretical perspectives in sociology, adult by Talcott Parsons: focuses on how the diverse parts of order fit together or adjust to maintain the equilibrium of the whole.

Subculture A distinguishable grouping that shares a number of features with the dominant civilisation inside which information technology exists while also having unique features such as linguistic communication, customs, or values.

Subjective meanings The values and interpretations individuals identify on their life situations and experiences; may vary from person to person.

Subjective social class A person's ain perception of his or her grade position.

Suburb A fairly small community within an urban area that includes a central city.

Sunbelt The surface area southward of the 37th parallel in the Usa, including Clark County in Nevada.

Superego In Freudian theory, the part of the personality structure that upholds the norms of lodge.

Symbol Any object or sign that evokes a shared social response.

Symbolic interaction Interaction that relies on shared symbols such equally language.

Symbolic interactionism An interpretive perspective, inspired by the work of George Herbert Mead, saying that individuals learn meanings through interaction with others and so organize their lives around these socially created meanings.

Taboo A strongly prohibited social practice; the strongest form of social norm.

Technological determinism The belief that technological development shapes social life in rather fixed means.

Applied science The applied applications of scientific knowledge.

Tension release theory A theory suggesting that sport serves as a form of social prophylactic valve, allowing individuals to vent their seething aggressions.

Terrorism An attack on people designed to frighten order and force it to encounter the terrorists' demands.

Tertiary economic sector The sector of an economy that offers services to individuals also equally to business.

Theoretical arroyo A prepare of guiding ideas.

Theory A system of orienting ideas, concepts, and relationships that provides a way of organizing the observable earth.

Theory 10 A view of organizational behavior suggesting that people hate their jobs, want to avoid responsibility, resist modify, and do non care nearly organizational needs.

Theory Y A view of organizational beliefs suggesting that people take the desire to work, to exist creative, and to take responsibility for their jobs and for the system.

Theory Z A form of organizational culture that values long-term employment, trust, and close personal relationships betwixt workers and managers.

Total fertility charge per unit An approximate of the average number of children that would be born to each woman over her reproductive life if current age-specific nascence rates remained constant.

Full establishment A place where people spend 24 hours of every day for an extended role of their lives, cut off from the residuum of society and tightly controlled by the people in charge.

Totalitarianism A class of autocracy that involves the utilize of country power to control and regulate all phases of life.

Tournament selection An educational blueprint in which a continual procedure of selection serves to weed out candidates; winners move on to the next round of pick and losers are eliminated from the contest.

Tracking The practice of grouping students past ability, curriculum, or both.

Triad A group composed of 3 people.

Underemployment The hiring of people in jobs that are not customarily filled by individuals with their relatively high levels of experience or education.

Cloak-and-dagger economic system Exchanges of goods and services that occur outside the arena of the normal, regulated economy and therefore escape official record keeping.

Unit of analysis Who or what is being studied in a piece of social research.

Urbanization The growth of cities.

Value-added theory A theory suggesting that many instances of collective beliefs represent efforts to change the social surround.

Values Strongly held general ideas that people share about what is good and bad, desirable or undesirable; values provide yardsticks for judging specific acts and goals.

Variable A logical set of attributes with different degrees of magnitude or unlike categories. For example, age is a variable on which people can exist classified according to the number of years they take lived.

Verstehen The try to empathize social beliefs in terms of the motives individuals bring to it.

Vertical integration A grade of business organisation organization that attempts to command the concern environment by assuming command of one or more of its resources or concern outlets.

Vertical mobility Motility of an individual or a group upward or downwardly, from one social status to another.

Wealth The total value (minus debts) of what is owned.

Weberian approach The views held past disharmonize theorists who, using the ideas of Max Weber, stress the significance of disharmonize in social life, especially conflict amid status groups such as those based on occupation, ethnic background, or organized religion.

White-neckband law-breaking Crimes committed by "respectable" individuals, oftentimes while they practise their occupations-- for example, embezzling money or stealing computer fourth dimension.

White ethnics White Americans who value and preserve aspects of their indigenous heritage.

Earth systems analysis A form of sociological analysis that stresses agreement national beliefs in terms of historical and gimmicky relationships among nations and societies .

Zero population growth (ZPG) The situation that occurs when the population of a nation or the world remains stable from one year to the next.

© copyright 1996 Caroline Hodges Persell

velazquezfanceth.blogspot.com

Source: https://www.asanet.org/sites/default/files/savvy/introtosociology/Documents/Glossary.html

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